© Mateusz Borkowski Artykuł udostępniony na licencji CC BY-SA 4.0
The ability of domestic enterprises to invent, introduce and diffuse innovations has been a driving force of the development of modern economies. This paper focuses on the institutional determinants of innovativeness of European Union economies. Institutions are defined as a universal, relatively persistent set of social norms rooted in society, shaping both human behaviour and all relations in the economy. The institutional factors seem to be especially significant nowadays, in an era dominated by the open innovation model. The aim of the study discussed in the article is to measure the quality of institutions and the level of innovativeness of EU economies (26 EU economies, excluding Greece due to data deficiency) and to identify the relationship between these directly unobservable categories. The research applies the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method. On the basis of data for the years 2010 and 2020 extracted from Eurostat, Freedom House, the Fraser Institute, the Heritage Foundation and the Legatum Institute, a panel PLS-SEM model was constructed and an empirical analysis was performed. The latter demonstrates that the correlation between the quality of institutions and the level of innovativeness of EU economies was positive, strong and statistically significant both in 2010 and in 2020. Taking into account the theoretical aspects and the results of research of other scientists, this relationship might be considered not only as correlational, but also as causal.
innovation, institutions, European Union countries, PLS-SEM model
C33, C50, O11, O30, O43
Ahmed, P. K., & Shepherd, C. D. (2010). Innovation Management. Context, strategies, systems and processes. Pearson.
Alexander, E. A. (2012). The Effects of Legal, Normative, and Cultural-Cognitive Institutions on Innovation in Technology Alliances. Management International Review, 52(6), 791–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-011-0123-y.
Bal-Woźniak, T. (2012). Innowacyjność w ujęciu podmiotowym. Uwarunkowania instytucjonalne. Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne.
Blanco, G., & Goel, R. K. (2023). Do weak institutions undermine global innovation production efficiency?. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 48, 1813–1838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-023-09997-7.
Borkowski, M. (2021). The quality of formal institutional subsystems of OECD countries. Ekonomia i Prawo. Economics and Law, 20(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.12775/EiP.2021.002.
Boudreaux, C. J. (2017). Institutional quality and innovation: some cross-country evidence. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 6(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-04-2016-0015.
Chesbrough, H. (2006). Open Innovation: A New Paradigm for Understanding Industrial Innovation. In H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke & J. West (Eds.), Open Innovation. Re- searching a New Paradigm (pp. 1–12). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199290727.003.0001.
Chlebna, C., & Simmie, J. (2018). New technological path creation and the role of institutions in different geo-political spaces. European Planning Studies, 26(5), 969–987. https://doi.org/10.1080 /09654313.2018.1441380 .
Ciborowski, R. W. (2017). Territorial transfer of knowledge in terms of creative destruction. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 50(1), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0029.
Ciborowski, R. W., Kargol-Wasiluk, A., & Zalesko, M. (2019). Time, Capital, and Technological Progress in the Austrian School of Economics. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 57(1), 123–144. https://doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2019-0008.
Ciborowski, R. W., & Skrodzka, I. (2019). International Technology Transfer, Innovation and Economic Development of European Union Countries in 2008–2017. European Research Studies Journal, 22(3), 384–404. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1481.
Ciborowski, R. W., & Skrodzka, I. (2020). International technology transfer and innovative changes adjustment in EU. Empirical Economics, 59(3), 1351–1371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01683-8.
Cornell University, INSEAD, & World Intelectual Property Organization. (2020). Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020.pdf.
Ćudić, B., & Skrodzka, I. (2021). ‘Soft’ support infrastructure and the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in European countries. Economic Annals, 66(230), 67–99. https://doi.org/10.2298/EKA2130067C.
Dobler, C. (2011). The Impact of Formal and Informal Institutions on Economic Growth. A Case Study on the MENA Region. Peter Lang.
Edquist, C., & Johnson, B. (2005). Institutions and Organizations in Systems of Innovation. In C. Edquist (Ed.), Systems of Innovation. Technologies, Institutions and Organizations (pp. 41?63). Routledge.
European Commission. (2011). Innovation Union Scoreboard (IUS) 2010. The Innovation Union’s performance scoreboard for Research and Innovation. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2769/11849.
European Commission. (2022). European Innovation Scoreboard 2022. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/309907.
Gancarczyk, M. (2002). Instytucja a organizacja w nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej. Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, 176(5–6), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.33119/GN/113844.
Garcia, R., & Calantone, R. (2002). A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: A literature review. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19(2), 110–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.1920110.
Gardocka-Jałowiec, A. (2015). Zmiany konsumpcji a kreowanie innowacji. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.
Gruszewska, E. (2013). Instytucje a proces tworzenia kapitału w Polsce. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.
Gudergan, S. P., Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2008). Confirmatory tetrad analysis in PLS path modeling. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1238–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.012.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.
Hair, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced Issues in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Sage.
He, J., & Tian, X. (2020). Institutions and Innovation. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 12, 377– 398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-032820-083433.
Helmke, G., & Levitsky, S. (2004). Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda. Perspectives on Politics, 2(4), 725–740. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592704040472.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2012). Using Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in Advertising Research: Basic Concepts and Recent Issues. In S. Okazaki (Ed.), Handbook of Research on International Advertising (pp. 252?276). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hodgson, G. M. (2019). Taxonomic definitions in social science, with firms, markets and institutions as case studies. Journal of Institutional Economics, 15(2), 207–233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137418000334.
INSEAD. (2010). Global Innovation Index 2009–2010. https://english.www.gov.cn/r/Pub/GOV/ReceivedContent/Other/2016-08-12/GII-2009-2010-Report.pdf.
Jöreskog, K. G. (1970). A General Method for Estimating a Linear Structural Equation System. ETS Research Bulletin Series, (2), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1970.tb00783.x.
Khan, Z. U., Hussain, A., & Iqbal, N. (2017). Institutions and Innovation: Evidence from Countries at Different Stages of Development. The Pakistan Development Review, 56(4), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.30541/v56i4pp.297-317.
Kline, S. J., & Rosenberg, N. (1986). An Overview of Innovation. In R. Landau & N. Rosenberg (Eds.), The Positive Sum Strategy. Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth (pp. 275–305). National Academy Press.
Kogan, L., Papanikolaou, D., Seru, A., & Stoffman, N. (2017). Technological Innovation, Resource Allocation, and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132(2), 665–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw040.
Kunčič, A. (2014). Institutional quality dataset. Journal of Institutional Economics, 10(1), 135–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137413000192.
Lee, W. C., & Law, S. H. (2016). The Roles of Formal and Informal Institutions on Innovations Activity. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 50(2), 167–179. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2016-5002-14.
Lohmöller, J.-B. (1989). Latent Variable Path Modeling with Partial Least Squares. Physica-Verlag Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52512-4.
Misiura, G., & Rozkwitalska, M. (2019). Institutions, trust and the high level of innovativeness in the Scandinavian countries. WSB Journal of Business and Finance, 53(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.2478/wsbjbf-2019-0005.
Mohd Ghazali, Z., Wan Yaacob, W. F., & Wan Omar, W. M. (2023). LGCM and PLS-SEM in Panel Survey Data: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Data, 8(32). https://doi.org/10.3390/data8020032.
Mohnen, P., & Hall, B. H. (2013). Innovation and Productivity: An Update. Eurasian Business Review, 3(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.14208/BF03353817.
Müller, T., Schuberth, F., & Henseler, J. (2018). PLS path modeling – a confirmatory approach to study tourism technology and tourist behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 9(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-09-2017-0106.
North, D. C. (1992). Institutions, Ideology, and Economic Performance. Cato Journal, 11(3), 477–496.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development & Eurostat. (2018). Oslo Manual 2018. Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovativon (4th edition). https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304604-en.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (n.d.). SmartPLS 3. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from http://www.smartpls.com.
Rogers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of Innovations. The Free Press.
Rogowski, J. (1990). Modele miękkie. Teoria i zastosowanie w badaniach ekonomicznych. Wydawnictwo Filii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Białymstoku.
Rothwell, R. (1994). Towards the Fifth-generation Innovation Process. International Marketing Review, 11(1), 7–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651339410057491.
Rothwell, R., & Zegveld, W. (1985). Reindustrialization and Technology. Longman.
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., Thiele, K. O., & Gudergan, S. P. (2016). Estimation issues with PLS and CBSEM: Where the bias lies!. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 3998–4010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.06.007.
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2017). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. In C. Homburg, M. Klarmann & A. Vomberg (Eds.), Handbook of Market Research (pp. 587?632). Springer International Publishing.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1939). Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of Capitalist Process (vol. 1). Porcupine Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1949). The theory of Economic Development. An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Harvard University Press.
Sharma, A., Sousa, C., & Woodward, R. (2022). Determinants of innovation outcomes: The role of institutional quality. Technovation, 118, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102562.
Skrodzka, I. (2016). Knowledge-Based Economy in the European Union: Cross-Country Analysis. Statistics in Transition new series, 17(2), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.59170/stattrans-2016-015.
Skrodzka, I. (2018). Human and Social Capital as Factors of Inequalities in Economic Development of EU Countries. Facta Universitatis. Series: Economics and Organization, 15(4), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUEO1804295S.
Spector, P. E. (2019). Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-09613-8.
Subramanian, A. (1996). Innovativeness: Redefining the concept. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 13(3–4), 223–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-4748(96)01007-7.
Taferner, B. (2017). A Next Generation of Innovation Models? An Integration of the Innovation Process Model Big Picture © towards the different Generations of Models. Review of Innovation and Competitiveness, 3(3), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.32728/ric.2017.33/4.
Tebaldi, E., & Elmslie, B. (2013). Does institutional quality impact innovation? Evidence from cross-country patent grant data. Applied Economics, 45(7), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.613777.
Tomass, M. K. (2012). Religious Identity, Informal Institutions, and the Nation-States of the Near East. Journal of Economic Issues, 46(3), 705–728. https://doi.org/10.2753/JEI0021-3624460306.
Varsakelis, N. C. (2006). Education, political institutions and innovative activity: A cross-country empirical investigation. Research Policy, 35(7), 1083–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.06.002.
Voigt, S. (2018). How to measure informal institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, 14(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137417000248.
Wang, C. (2013). Can institutions explain cross country differences in innovative activity?. Journal of Macroeconomics, 37, 128–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.05.009.
Williamson, O. E. (2000). The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(3), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.3.595.
Wold, H. (1980). Soft modelling: Intermediate between traditional model building and data analysis. Banach Center Publications, 6, 333–346. https://doi.org/10.4064/-6-1-333-346.
Yami, M., Vogl, C., & Hauser, M. (2009). Comparing the Effectiveness of Informal and Formal Institutions in Sustainable Common Pool Resources Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Conservation and Society, 7(3), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.64731.
Zagóra-Jonszta, U. (2015). Teoria rozwoju gospodarczego i „twórczej destrukcji” Schumpetera oraz jej aktualność. Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne, (3), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.15290/ose.2015.03.75.02.
